All our e-signature guides
Practical, up-to-date articles to choose and deploy a compliant e-signature solution for your activity.
The essentials
E-signature: the complete guide
Definitions, eIDAS levels (SES/AES/QES), legal framework, use cases, differences with handwritten signature — the reference guide.
Read the guideeIDAS: the European regulation explained
Everything about eIDAS 1.0, the transition to eIDAS 2.0, requirements for trust service providers and what changes for you.
Read the guideE-signature solutions comparison
Certyneo, DocuSign, Yousign, Adobe Sign: functional, pricing and legal comparison to pick the right platform.
Read the guideE-signature in the enterprise
Deploying e-signature in your organization: change management, integrations, ROI, security, GDPR compliance.
Read the guideLegal value of electronic signature
Probative force by level (SES, AES, QES), admissibility in court and legal framework: eIDAS art. 25 and Civil Code 1366-1367.
Read the guideQualified Signature (QES)
The highest level of eIDAS: when QES is mandatory, how to obtain it and what it changes legally.
Read the guideElectronic signatures and GDPR
EU hosting, Cloud Act, DPAs and transfers outside the EU: a complete guide for DPOs and compliance officers.
Read the guideMigrate from DocuSign or Yousign to Certyneo
Full guide to migrate your documents and workflows from DocuSign or Yousign: audit, export, mapping, re-import, go-live.
Read the guideSector-specific guides
Electronic signatures for HR
Employment contracts, amendments, mutual terminations: everything you need to know about electronic signatures in human resources.
Read the guideElectronic signature for real estate
Lease, mandate, purchase agreement, property condition report: legal framework (Hoguet Law, ALUR, ELAN, SRU) and best practices for electronic signatures in real estate.
Read the guideElectronic signature for legal matters
Lawyer deeds, litigation, corporate deeds: uses and guarantees for legal professions.
Read the guideSignature in banking & insurance
Credit, KYC, insurance subscription: DSP2, LCB-FT and eIDAS compliance for the financial sector.
Read the guideSignature for chartered accountants
Engagement letters, certificates and packages: digitalize the client relationship of an accounting firm.
Read the guideDSP2 & strong authentication (SCA)
What DSP2 requires in terms of strong authentication and how electronic signature fits into it.
Read the guideSign from your tools
Electronic signature in Word: sign a .docx document
Word signature line vs true eIDAS electronic signature: the reliable method to sign a Word document and its legal value.
Read the guideSign an Excel document
Sign an Excel workbook electronically: methods, format limitations and compliant PDF alternative.
Read the guideSign a Google Docs document
Sign from Google Docs / Workspace: native options and eIDAS-compliant signature workflow.
Read the guideSign a PowerPoint presentation
Get a PowerPoint support signed: conversion, legal value and validation workflow.
Read the guideSign a document on iPhone
Sign a PDF from an iPhone or iPad: Markup, dedicated apps and eIDAS-compliant signature on the go.
Read the guideSign a document on Android
Sign a PDF from an Android phone: native options, applications and signature with legal value.
Read the guideScanned handwritten signature: what legal value?
Why a digitized signature is legally weak (art. 1366-1367 Civil Code) and the true alternative: eIDAS-compliant electronic signature.
Read the guideTrust, proof & archiving
Digital signature certificate & certificate authority
X.509 certificates, PKI, certificate authority, eIDAS qualified certificate: understand the chain of trust that makes a digital signature verifiable.
Read the guideElectronic timestamp: simple, qualified & legal value
Simple vs qualified timestamp, probative value eIDAS (art. 41-42), RFC 3161 and use cases: proof of prior creation, integrity over time and archiving.
Read the guideHSM (Hardware Security Module)
The role of certified HSMs in qualified signature: key protection, certifications and eIDAS framework.
Read the guideElectronic archiving & probative value
Keeping a signature with probative value: NF Z42-013 and ISO 14641 standards, legal retention periods, the PAdES B-LTA format, and eIDAS 2.0 qualified archiving.
Read the guideDigital safe: the complete guide
What is a digital safe with probative value: NF Z42-020 standard, fingerprint, qualified timestamp, immutability (WORM), difference with cloud storage, specific use cases and enterprises.
Read the guideElectronic signature in court
Admissibility, probative force and case law: how an electronic signature holds up before the judge.
Read the guideBurden of proof and signature
Who must prove what in case of dispute over an electronic signature: SES, AES and QES regimes.
Read the guideeIDAS 2.0: what's changing
European wallet, new trust services, timeline: eIDAS 2.0 regulation explained.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing
Electronic invoicing: the complete guide
Reform, timeline, formats and platforms: understand everything about mandatory electronic invoicing.
Read the guide2026 invoicing reform
Timeline, obligations and steps of the French B2B electronic invoicing reform.
Read the guideChoosing your PDP
Partner dematerialization platforms: role, registration and selection criteria.
Read the guidePDP vs PPF
Understanding the division of roles between partner platforms and public invoicing portal.
Read the guideE-reporting: the guide
Transmission of transaction data to the administration: scope, deadlines and procedures.
Read the guideFactur-X, UBL and CII formats
The three electronic invoice formats of the French framework: structure, differences and use cases.
Read the guideViDA: VAT in the digital age
The ViDA European package: cross-border e-invoicing, digital reporting and timeline.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing in Europe: country overview
Overview of e-invoicing reforms in the EU: ViDA, EN 16931, Peppol and country-by-country timeline.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing in Germany
XRechnung, ZUGFeRD and B2B obligations: electronic invoicing on the German side.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing in Belgium
Peppol, 2026 obligations and coexistence with French reform: the Belgian case.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing in Spain
Facturae, Crea y Crece law and Verifactu: where Spain stands on electronic invoicing.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing in Italy
FatturaPA and SDI: the Italian system, European pioneer of mandatory electronic invoicing.
Read the guideElectronic invoicing in Poland
KSeF: the Polish national electronic invoicing system and its timeline.
Read the guideIdentity verification & compliance
Online identity verification: methods and levels
Overview of remote identity verification methods, the PVID framework and eIDAS assurance levels.
Read the guideDematerialised KYC & AML-CFT
Remote onboarding: identity verification, AML-CFT obligations and compliant signature.
Read the guideCorporate KYC / KYB
Verify the identity of a company and its beneficial owners: registers, documents and process.
Read the guideAML-CFT obligations
Anti-money laundering: who is subject to it, what diligence and what sanctions.
Read the guideSanctions lists & asset freezing
Screening of sanctions lists: obligations, tools and integration into the KYC process.
Read the guideIBAN verification
Prevent wire transfer fraud: IBAN verification methods and integration into processes.
Read the guideDocument fraud
Detect forged documents: fraud techniques, warning signs and automated controls.
Read the guideContract lifecycle management (CLM)
Contract Lifecycle Management (CLM)
The complete guide to Contract Lifecycle Management: the 7 phases of a contract's lifecycle, benefits and management levers.
Read the guideRedlining & contract negotiation
Negotiate a contract effectively: redlining, versions and validation workflow before signature.
Read the guideContract renewals
Deadlines, tacit renewals and notice periods: never suffer an unwanted renewal again.
Read the guideContract repository
Centralize your contracts: single repository, metadata and search to manage your portfolio.
Read the guideMonitoring contractual obligations
Track commitments, milestones and deliverables after signature: methodology and tools.
Read the guideContract analysis by AI
What AI can extract and verify in a contract: clauses, risks, limitations and best practices.
Read the guideEuropean digital identity (EUDI)
European digital identity wallet
Understanding the EUDI Wallet provided by eIDAS 2.0: definition, deployment timeline and concrete use cases.
Read the guideEuropean digital identity (PID)
The PID of the European wallet: content, issuance by Member States and use cases for businesses.
Read the guideEUDI Wallet in business
Use cases of the European digital identity wallet for businesses: KYC, signature, HR.
Read the guideSign with the eIDAS wallet
How the European digital identity wallet will enable qualified signature.
Read the guideElectronic attestations (EAA)
Attribute attestations under eIDAS 2.0 regulation: diplomas, mandates, powers.
Read the guide