Electronic signature in real estate: leases, mandates, agreements

What is the legal framework for electronic signature in real estate?

No law requires handwritten signature for private real estate documents. Article 1367 of the Civil Code recognizes electronic signature with the same legal value as handwritten signature, and article 1366 gives electronic documents the same probative force as paper. The ELAN law (2018) explicitly confirmed the validity of leases in electronic form. The only excluded documents are notarized authentic acts (art. 1369 Civil Code), which fall under electronic authentic acts signed by the notary. The signature level depends on the stakes of the document:

• Sale or management mandate: advanced signature (AES) recommended — retention 10 years (Hoguet law, art. 72 of 1972 decree)
• Residential or commercial lease: advanced signature (AES), mandatory annexes (EPC, risk assessment, notice) signable in the same envelope
• Compromise / promise of sale: AES + RFC 3161 timestamp to date the start of the 10-day SRU withdrawal period (art. L271-1 CCH)
• Inventory of condition: in-person signature possible from the same tablet, with individual SMS OTP per party

Which real estate documents can be electronically signed?

What does a typical real estate workflow look like with electronic signature?

1. 1

   Prepare the deed and its annexes

   Import the lease, mandate or agreement in PDF, with its annexes (EPC, risk assessment, information notice). A single envelope can group multiple documents.

2. 2

   Add all signatories

   Agent, owner(s), tenant(s), guarantor. If jointly owned or as a couple, add each co-owner under penalty of partial nullity. Each receives a personal secure link.

3. 3

   Have them sign with advanced signature

   Identity verification via SMS OTP, unique certificate and RFC 3161 timestamp (art. 26 eIDAS). The guarantor's handwritten statement is entered and validated in the workflow.

4. 4

   Archive and maintain your register

   The signed deed and its audit trail are archived for 10 years with probative value. Mandates are automatically numbered for a compliant mandate register, exportable for any audit.

Frequently asked questions — Electronic signature and real estate

Is an electronically signed lease legal in France?

Yes, without ambiguity. The ELAN law (2018) confirmed the validity of leases in electronic form and article 1367 of the Civil Code recognizes electronic signature as equivalent to handwritten signature. Mandatory annexes (EPC, risk assessment, information notice) can be signed in the same envelope.

What level of signature should I choose for a mandate or agreement?

Advanced signature (AES) is recommended given the financial stakes (commission, penalty clause, sale price). Admissible in court (art. 1367 of the Civil Code), it does not benefit from the presumption of reliability reserved for the qualified signature: in case of dispute, its reliability is demonstrated by producing the eIDAS audit trail.

How do I comply with the 10-day SRU withdrawal period?

For an agreement relating to a dwelling, the 10-day withdrawal period (art. L271-1 CCH) runs from the first presentation of the signed deed. The RFC 3161 timestamp precisely dates the signature and provides proof of the start of the period in case of dispute.

Are the guarantor's handwritten statements possible electronically?

Yes. Since 1 January 2022, article 1175 of the Civil Code no longer excludes guarantees from electronic signature. The statement under article 2297 of the Civil Code, to which article 22-1 of the 1989 law refers, must be affixed by the guarantor themselves, using a process that ensures they alone can do so (article 1174): no pre-filled copy-paste. A mandatory entry field with validation and timestamp secures this requirement.

Related guides and solutions

Explore the related resources from our electronic signature hub.

• Real estate solution
• E-signature guide
• eIDAS guide — SES, AES, QES
• E-signature for business
• How to sign online — step by step